NAD+

🔬 NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Oxidized Form) — Overview

NAD⁺ is an essential endogenous coenzyme found in all living cells, central to cellular energy metabolism, redox balance, and signaling. It functions as an electron carrier in metabolic pathways and as a required substrate for several enzyme families involved in DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular stress responses. NAD⁺ levels are tightly regulated and are known to decline with age and metabolic stress.

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📌 Brief Functional Description

• Energy metabolism: Serves as a key redox cofactor, cycling between NAD⁺ and NADH during glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Cellular signaling: Required for sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38, enzymes involved in longevity pathways, DNA repair, and immune signaling.
• Redox homeostasis: Maintains cellular oxidation–reduction balance critical for mitochondrial function.
• Research relevance: Studied extensively in aging, metabolism, mitochondrial biology, and neurobiology.

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🧪 Chemical & Structural Information

🔢 CAS Number

• 53-84-9 (oxidized NAD⁺)

🧬 Molecular Formula

• C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂

⚖️ Molecular Weight

• ≈663.43 g/mol (Da)

🧬 Chemical Structure & Composition

• NAD⁺ consists of two nucleotides:
  • Adenine ribonucleotide
  • Nicotinamide ribonucleotide
• These are linked by a pyrophosphate bridge.
• The nicotinamide ring is the active redox center that accepts and donates electrons

🧠 Mechanism & Biological Context

• In metabolic reactions, NAD⁺ accepts electrons to form NADH, which then donates electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain to drive ATP production.
• As a consumed substrate, NAD⁺ is cleaved by sirtuins and PARPs during deacetylation and DNA repair, necessitating continuous cellular resynthesis via salvage and de novo pathways.
• NAD⁺ availability directly influences mitochondrial efficiency, genomic stability, and cellular stress resistance.

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⚠️ Safety & Regulatory Notes

• Endogenous molecule: NAD⁺ is naturally produced in the body and is essential for life.
• Clinical and research use: Injectable and supplemental forms exist, but regulatory status and approved indications vary by formulation and jurisdiction.
• Biological effects are dose-, route-, and context-dependent, particularly when used to manipulate cellular metabolism.

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🧪 Quick Reference

Property	Detail
Name	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺)
CAS #	53-84-9
Molecular Formula	C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂
Molecular Weight	~663.43 Da
Type	Dinucleotide coenzyme
Primary Function	Energy metabolism, redox balance, cellular signaling

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This product is sold strictly for laboratory research purposes only.

Not for human consumption, medical use, or veterinary use.